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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์†Œ์†ก ์ ˆ์ฐจ

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์†Œ์†ก์€ ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ (Petition)์ด ์›๊ณ  (Plaintiff) ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฒ•์›์— ์ œ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ํ•œ๊ตญ์†Œ์†ก๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์†Œ์†ก์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์†Œ์†ก์€ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณผ์ •์ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ์ •์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์›๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ(Petition) ์ œ์ถœ

์†Œ์†ก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์ด ์›๊ณ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฒ•์›์— ์ œ์ถœ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ์›๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์›๊ณ  (Plaintiff) ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์ด (Petition)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ:

  1. ์™œ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€
  2. ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์†ก ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€
  3. ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์›๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€

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์†Œํ™˜์žฅ(Citation)

์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์— ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์†Œํ™˜์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” ์†Œํ™˜์žฅ (Citation) ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œํ™˜์žฅ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์†Œํ™˜์žฅ(Citation)์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ:

1.์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์ด ์ ‘์ˆ˜ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธ

2. ์ตœ์ข… ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ

3. ๋ฌด๋‹ต์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ์†Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์—ฌ๋ถ€

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์†ก๋‹ฌ (Service)

์ด ์†Œํ™˜์žฅ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์†ก๋‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์†ก๋‹ฌ์€ “Service”๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. “Service Processor”๋ผ๋Š” ์†ก๋‹ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ด ์†Œํ™˜์žฅ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์„ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์†Œํ™˜์žฅ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†ก์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ํ›„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 21์ผ ์•ˆ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ œ๊ณตโ€‹์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•œ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ด ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์ถœ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์™œ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋น„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€? ์ด ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์™œ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐœ์‹œ๊ณผ์ • (Discovery)

๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ๊ณผ์ •, ์ฆ‰ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ๊ณผ์ • “Discovery”์ด ์‹œ์ž‘์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๊ณ ์™€ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆ ์ด์—๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ์„ ํ•œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ ๊ณผ์ • (Discovery)๋Š” ์žฌํŒ์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Ÿ์  ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ ๊ณผ์ • (Discovery)์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ์€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

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์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ (Discovery)์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ:

  1. ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์ถœ ์š”์ฒญ
  2. ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฆ์ธ ์‹ ๋ฌธ
  3. ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํ™•์ธ
  4. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ์š”์ฒญ

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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ต์ˆ™์น˜ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์†Œ์†ก ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๋А๊ปด์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์–ด ์š”์ฒญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์†Œ์†ก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฌผ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์š”์ฒญ “Request for Production”, ์ฆ์ธ ์‹ ๋ฌธ “Deposition” ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž…์žฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ์ž…์žฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ “Motion” ์‹ ์ฒญ/์š”๊ตฌ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•์›์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ๋‹ต๋ณ€ ๊ธฐ์ผ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ธก์ด ๋‹ต์ด ์—†๋Š”๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•œ์ชฝ์ด ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์ง„ํ–‰์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Motion์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋ฒ•์›์— ์š”์ฒญํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์กฐ์ • (Mediation)

์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ œ์ถœ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์ข…์ข… ์กฐ์ • “Mediation” ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์กฐ์ •”Mediation”์€ ์–‘์‚ฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์›๊ณ ์™€ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ์กฐ์ •์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. “Mediation”๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์กฐ์ •์€ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ 3์ž ์กฐ์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์„ํ•ด ์–‘์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ์ •์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์‚ฌ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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์žฌํŒ (Trial)

์กฐ์ •์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ณผ์ •์ด ์‹คํŒจ๋˜์‹ค๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์žฌํŒ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. “Bench Trial” ํŒ์‚ฌ์žฌํŒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 1์ผ์—์„œ 2์ผ์ •๋„ ์†Œ์š”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹œ๊ณ , “Jury Trial”์€ 1์ฃผ์—์„œ 1๋‹ฌ์ •๋„ ์†Œ์š”๋˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์› ์„ ์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์› ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ์†Œ์š”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

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ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 98%์˜ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์˜๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.